Managing Stake with Bittensor Python SDK
This pages demonstrates usage of btcli, the Bittensor CLI, for managing stake.
TAO holders can stake any amount of the liquidity they hold to a validator. Also known as delegation, staking supports validators, because their total stake in the subnet, including stake delegated to them by others, determines their consensus power and their share of emissions. After the validator/delegate extracts their take the remaining emissions are credited back to the stakers/delegators in proportion to their stake with that validator.
See also:
tip
Minimum transaction amount for stak/unstake/move/transfer: 500,000 RAO or 0.0005 TAO.
Check your TAO balance
To stake, you'll first need some TAO. Inquire in Discord to obtain TAO on Bittensor test network.
danger
The funds in a crypto wallet are only as secure as your private key and/or seed phrase, and the devices that have access to these.
Test network tokens have no real value. Before managing liquidity on Bittensor mainnet, carefully consider all aspects of secrets management and endpoint security!
import bittensor as bt
sub = bt.Subtensor(network="test")
wallet = bt.wallet(
name="PracticeKey!",
hotkey="stakinkey1",
)
wallet.unlock_coldkey()
balance = sub.get_balance(wallet.coldkey.ss58_address)
print(balance)
View exchange rates
The following script displays exchange rates for a subnet alpha token, with and without slippage.
import bittensor as bt
sub = bt.Subtensor(network="test")
subnet = sub.subnet(netuid=1)
print("alpha_to_tao_with_slippage", subnet.alpha_to_tao_with_slippage(100))
print("alpha_to_tao_with_slippage percentage", subnet.alpha_to_tao_with_slippage(100, percentage=True))
print("tao_to_alpha_with_slippage", subnet.tao_to_alpha_with_slippage(100))
print("tao_to_alpha_with_slippage percentage", subnet.tao_to_alpha_with_slippage(100, percentage=True))
print("tao_to_alpha", subnet.tao_to_alpha(100))
print("alpha_to_tao", subnet.alpha_to_tao(100))
Register on a subnet
You can register your hotkey on a subnet using the burned_register method. This is necessary for staking, mining or validating.
import bittensor as bt
logging = bt.logging
logging.set_info()
sub = bt.Subtensor(network="test")
wallet = bt.wallet(
name="ExampleWalletName",
hotkey="ExampleHotkey",
)
wallet.unlock_coldkey()
reg = sub.burned_register(wallet=wallet, netuid=3)
View your registered subnets
import bittensor as bt
sub = bt.Subtensor(network="test")
wallet = bt.wallet(
name="ExampleWalletName",
hotkey="ExampleHotkey",
)
wallet.unlock_coldkey()
netuids = sub.get_netuids_for_hotkey(wallet.hotkey.ss58_address)
print(netuids)
Stake
The following script incrementally stakes 1 TAO in each of the top three validators of the top three subnets:
import os, sys
import bittensor as bt
import time
from bittensor import tao
# Initialize the wallet with walletname by running like
wallet_name=os.environ.get('WALLET')
total_to_stake=os.environ.get('TOTAL_TAO_TO_STAKE')
print(f"\n🔍 Using wallet: {wallet_name}")
if wallet_name == None:
sys.exit("wallet name not specified. Usage: `TOTAL_TAO_TO_STAKE=1 WALLET=my-wallet-name ./stakerscript.py`")
if total_to_stake == None:
print("Staking total not specified, dividing 1 TAO across top 3 validators in each of top 3 subnets by default.\n Usage: `TOTAL_TAO_TO STAKE=1 WALLET=my-wallet-name ./stakerscript.py`")
total_to_stake = 1
else:
try:
total_to_stake = float(total_to_stake)
except:
sys.exit("invalid TAO amount!")
else:
print(f"dividing {total_to_stake} TAO across top 3 validators in each of top 3 subnets by default")
# Initialize the subtensor connection within a block scope to ensure it is garbage collected
with bt.subtensor(network='test') as subtensor:
print("Fetching information on top subnets by TAO emissions")
sorted_subnets = sorted(subtensor.all_subnets(), key=lambda subnet: subnet.tao_in_emission, reverse=True)
# sort by token price
top_subnets = sorted_subnets[0:3]
amount_to_stake = bt.Balance.from_tao(total_to_stake/9)
top_validators_per_subnet = {}
# find the top 3 valis in each subnet
for subnet in top_subnets:
print(f"\n🔍 Subnet {subnet.netuid} had {subnet.tao_in_emission} emissions!")
netuid = subnet.netuid
print(f"\n🔍 Fetching metagraph for subnet {netuid}...")
start_time = time.time()
metagraph = subtensor.metagraph(netuid)
print(f"✅ Retrieved metagraph for subnet {netuid} in {time.time() - start_time:.2f} seconds.")
# Extract validators and their stake amounts
uid_stake_pairs = [(uid, metagraph.stake[uid]) for uid in range(len(metagraph.stake))]
# Sort validators by stake in descending order
top_validators = sorted(uid_stake_pairs, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)[0:3]
# remember the top validators for staking
top_validators_per_subnet[netuid] = {
"metagraph": metagraph,
"validators": top_validators
}
# Print the top 3 validators for this subnet
print(f"\n🏆 Top 3 Validators for Subnet {netuid}:")
for rank, (uid, stake) in enumerate(top_validators, start=1):
print(f" {rank}. Validator UID {uid} - Stake: {stake}")
# Stake to each top 3 validators in each top 3 subnets
wallet = bt.wallet(wallet_name)
for netuid, data in top_validators_per_subnet.items():
metagraph = data["metagraph"]
top_validators = data["validators"]
for uid, stake in top_validators:
hotkey_ss58 = metagraph.hotkeys[uid]
print(f"💰 Staking {amount_to_stake} to {hotkey_ss58} on subnet {netuid}...")
start_time = time.time()
try:
result =subtensor.add_stake(wallet=wallet, netuid=netuid, hotkey_ss58=hotkey_ss58, amount=amount_to_stake)
if result:
print(f"✅ Successfully staked {amount_to_stake} to {hotkey_ss58} on subnet {netuid} in {time.time() - start_time:.2f} seconds.")
else:
print(f"❌ Failed to stake to {hotkey_ss58} on subnet {netuid}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"❌ Failed to stake to {hotkey_ss58} on subnet {netuid}: {e}")
🔍 Using wallet: PracticeKey!
Staking total not specified, dividing 1 TAO across top 3 validators in each of top 3 subnets by default.
Usage: `TOTAL_TAO_TO STAKE=1 WALLET=my-wallet-name ./stakerscript.py`
Fetching information on top subnets by TAO emissions
🔍 Subnet 277 had τ0.415441165 emissions!
🔍 Fetching metagraph for subnet 277...
✅ Retrieved metagraph for subnet 277 in 1.61 seconds.
🏆 Top 3 Validators for Subnet 277:
1. Validator UID 5 - Stake: 525929.0625
2. Validator UID 7 - Stake: 117530.796875
3. Validator UID 0 - Stake: 44520.4296875
🔍 Subnet 3 had τ0.170820166 emissions!
🔍 Fetching metagraph for subnet 3...
✅ Retrieved metagraph for subnet 3 in 2.10 seconds.
🏆 Top 3 Validators for Subnet 3:
1. Validator UID 7 - Stake: 268185.875
2. Validator UID 6 - Stake: 171939.25
3. Validator UID 254 - Stake: 54529.25390625
🔍 Subnet 119 had τ0.139230825 emissions!
🔍 Fetching metagraph for subnet 119...
✅ Retrieved metagraph for subnet 119 in 2.36 seconds.
🏆 Top 3 Validators for Subnet 119:
1. Validator UID 45 - Stake: 231638.96875
2. Validator UID 101 - Stake: 110850.1640625
3. Validator UID 21 - Stake: 22277.609375
💰 Staking τ0.111111111 to 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 277...
Enter your password:
Decrypting...
✅ Successfully staked इ0.111111111 to 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 277 in 20.29 seconds.
💰 Staking इ0.111111111 to 5EFtEvPcgZHheW36jGXMPMrDETzbngziR3DPPVVp5L5Gt7Wo on subnet 277...
✅ Successfully staked इ0.111111111 to 5EFtEvPcgZHheW36jGXMPMrDETzbngziR3DPPVVp5L5Gt7Wo on subnet 277 in 11.58 seconds.
💰 Staking इ0.111111111 to 5GNyf1SotvL34mEx86C2cvEGJ563hYiPZWazXUueJ5uu16EK on subnet 277...
✅ Successfully staked इ0.111111111 to 5GNyf1SotvL34mEx86C2cvEGJ563hYiPZWazXUueJ5uu16EK on subnet 277 in 11.40 seconds.
💰 Staking इ0.111111111 to 5EHammhTy9rV9FhDdYeFY98YTMvU8Vz9Zv2FuFQQQyMTptc6 on subnet 3...
✅ Successfully staked γ0.111111111 to 5EHammhTy9rV9FhDdYeFY98YTMvU8Vz9Zv2FuFQQQyMTptc6 on subnet 3 in 12.67 seconds.
💰 Staking γ0.111111111 to 5FupG35rCCMghVEAzdYuxxb4SWHU7HtpKeveDmSoyCN8vHyb on subnet 3...
✅ Successfully staked γ0.111111111 to 5FupG35rCCMghVEAzdYuxxb4SWHU7HtpKeveDmSoyCN8vHyb on subnet 3 in 12.07 seconds.
💰 Staking γ0.111111111 to 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 3...
✅ Successfully staked γ0.111111111 to 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 3 in 11.83 seconds.
💰 Staking γ0.111111111 to 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 119...
✅ Successfully staked Ⲃ0.111111111 to 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 119 in 12.51 seconds.
💰 Staking Ⲃ0.111111111 to 5FRxKzKrBDX3cCGqXFjYb6zCNC7GMTEaam1FWtsE8Nbr1EQJ on subnet 119...
✅ Successfully staked Ⲃ0.111111111 to 5FRxKzKrBDX3cCGqXFjYb6zCNC7GMTEaam1FWtsE8Nbr1EQJ on subnet 119 in 11.35 seconds.
💰 Staking Ⲃ0.111111111 to 5CFZ9xDaFQVLA9ERsTs9S3i6jp1VDydvjQH5RDsyWCCJkTM4 on subnet 119...
✅ Successfully staked Ⲃ0.111111111 to 5CFZ9xDaFQVLA9ERsTs9S3i6jp1VDydvjQH5RDsyWCCJkTM4 on subnet 119 in 12.55 seconds.
Unstake
The script below will unstake from the delegations (stakes) to validators on particular subnets that have yielded the least emissions in the last tempo.
import os, sys, asyncio, time
import bittensor as bt
import bittensor_wallet
from bittensor import tao
wallet_name = os.environ.get('WALLET')
total_to_unstake = os.environ.get('TOTAL_TAO_TO_UNSTAKE')
max_stakes_to_unstake = os.environ.get('MAX_STAKES_TO_UNSTAKE')
if wallet_name is None:
sys.exit("wallet name not specified. Usage: `TOTAL_TAO_TO_UNSTAKE=1 MAX_STAKES_TO_UNSTAKE=10 WALLET=my-wallet-name ./unstakerscript.py`")
if total_to_unstake is None:
print("Unstaking total not specified, defaulting to 1 TAO.")
total_to_unstake = 1
else:
try:
total_to_unstake = float(total_to_unstake)
except:
sys.exit("invalid TAO amount!")
if max_stakes_to_unstake is None:
max_stakes_to_unstake = 10
else:
try:
max_stakes_to_unstake = int(max_stakes_to_unstake)
except:
sys.exit("invalid number for MAX_STAKES_TO_UNSTAKE")
print(f"🔍 Using wallet: {wallet_name}")
print(f"🧮 Unstaking a total of {total_to_unstake} TAO across up to {max_stakes_to_unstake} lowest-emission validators")
total_to_unstake = bt.Balance.from_tao(total_to_unstake)
wallet = bt.wallet(wallet_name)
wallet_ck = wallet.coldkeypub.ss58_address
unstake_minimum = 0.0005 # TAO
async def perform_unstake(subtensor, stake, amount):
try:
print(f"⏳ Attempting to unstake {amount} from {stake.hotkey_ss58} on subnet {stake.netuid}")
start = time.time()
result = await subtensor.unstake(
wallet, hotkey_ss58=stake.hotkey_ss58, netuid=stake.netuid, amount=amount
)
elapsed = time.time() - start
if result:
print(f"✅ Successfully unstaked {amount} from {stake.hotkey_ss58} on subnet {stake.netuid} in {elapsed:.2f}s")
return True
else:
print(f"❌ Failed to unstake from {stake.hotkey_ss58} on subnet {stake.netuid}")
return False
except Exception as e:
print(f"❌ Error during unstake from {stake.hotkey_ss58} on subnet {stake.netuid}: {e}")
return False
async def main():
async with bt.async_subtensor(network='test') as subtensor:
try:
stakes = await subtensor.get_stake_for_coldkey(wallet_ck)
except Exception as e:
sys.exit(f"❌ Failed to get stake info: {e}")
# Filter and sort
stakes = list(filter(lambda s: float(s.stake.tao) > unstake_minimum, stakes))
stakes = sorted(stakes, key=lambda s: s.emission.tao)
stakes = stakes[:max_stakes_to_unstake]
if not stakes:
sys.exit("❌ No eligible stakes found to unstake.")
print(f"\n📊 Preparing to unstake from {len(stakes)} validators:\n")
for s in stakes:
print(f"Validator: {s.hotkey_ss58}\n NetUID: {s.netuid}\n Stake: {s.stake}\n Emission: {s.emission}\n-----------")
# Prepare concurrent unstake tasks
amount_per_stake = total_to_unstake / len(stakes)
tasks = [
perform_unstake(subtensor, stake, min(amount_per_stake, stake.stake))
for stake in stakes
]
results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
success_count = sum(results)
print(f"\n🎯 Unstake complete. Success: {success_count}/{len(stakes)}")
asyncio.run(main())
Unstaking total not specified, defaulting to 1 TAO.
🔍 Using wallet: PracticeKey!
🧮 Unstaking a total of 1 TAO across up to 10 lowest-emission validators
📊 Preparing to unstake from 10 validators:
Validator: 5GEXJdUXxLVmrkaHBfkFmoodXrCSUMFSgPXULbnrRicEt1kK
NetUID: 119
Stake: 229.212349960Ⲃ
Emission: 0.000000000Ⲃ
-----------
Validator: 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT
NetUID: 119
Stake: 19.766958098Ⲃ
Emission: 0.000000000Ⲃ
-----------
Validator: 5FRxKzKrBDX3cCGqXFjYb6zCNC7GMTEaam1FWtsE8Nbr1EQJ
NetUID: 119
Stake: 18.475227001Ⲃ
Emission: 0.000000000Ⲃ
-----------
Validator: 5Gwz1AQmkya4UkiiXc9HASKYLc5dsQ9qzrgqCfSvjtbrbQp6
NetUID: 3
Stake: 44.463571197γ
Emission: 0.005925040γ
-----------
Validator: 5EscZNs55FCTfbpgFFDTbiSE7GgwSwqmdivfPikdqTyDiegb
NetUID: 3
Stake: 786.209456613γ
Emission: 0.102145233γ
-----------
Validator: 5GNyf1SotvL34mEx86C2cvEGJ563hYiPZWazXUueJ5uu16EK
NetUID: 277
Stake: 5.058595339इ
Emission: 4.550549887इ
-----------
Validator: 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT
NetUID: 3
Stake: 11.654577962γ
Emission: 5.429011017γ
-----------
Validator: 5EFtEvPcgZHheW36jGXMPMrDETzbngziR3DPPVVp5L5Gt7Wo
NetUID: 277
Stake: 5.258687558इ
Emission: 11.038508585इ
-----------
Validator: 5CFZ9xDaFQVLA9ERsTs9S3i6jp1VDydvjQH5RDsyWCCJkTM4
NetUID: 119
Stake: 20.942357630Ⲃ
Emission: 16.662837489Ⲃ
-----------
Validator: 5FupG35rCCMghVEAzdYuxxb4SWHU7HtpKeveDmSoyCN8vHyb
NetUID: 3
Stake: 87.243220111γ
Emission: 22.063085545γ
-----------
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5GEXJdUXxLVmrkaHBfkFmoodXrCSUMFSgPXULbnrRicEt1kK on subnet 119
Enter your password:
Decrypting...
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 119
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5FRxKzKrBDX3cCGqXFjYb6zCNC7GMTEaam1FWtsE8Nbr1EQJ on subnet 119
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5Gwz1AQmkya4UkiiXc9HASKYLc5dsQ9qzrgqCfSvjtbrbQp6 on subnet 3
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5EscZNs55FCTfbpgFFDTbiSE7GgwSwqmdivfPikdqTyDiegb on subnet 3
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5GNyf1SotvL34mEx86C2cvEGJ563hYiPZWazXUueJ5uu16EK on subnet 277
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 3
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5EFtEvPcgZHheW36jGXMPMrDETzbngziR3DPPVVp5L5Gt7Wo on subnet 277
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5CFZ9xDaFQVLA9ERsTs9S3i6jp1VDydvjQH5RDsyWCCJkTM4 on subnet 119
⏳ Attempting to unstake τ0.100000000 from 5FupG35rCCMghVEAzdYuxxb4SWHU7HtpKeveDmSoyCN8vHyb on subnet 3
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5Gwz1AQmkya4UkiiXc9HASKYLc5dsQ9qzrgqCfSvjtbrbQp6 on subnet 3 in 10.78s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5FRxKzKrBDX3cCGqXFjYb6zCNC7GMTEaam1FWtsE8Nbr1EQJ on subnet 119 in 10.78s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5GEXJdUXxLVmrkaHBfkFmoodXrCSUMFSgPXULbnrRicEt1kK on subnet 119 in 15.23s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5FupG35rCCMghVEAzdYuxxb4SWHU7HtpKeveDmSoyCN8vHyb on subnet 3 in 10.78s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5EFtEvPcgZHheW36jGXMPMrDETzbngziR3DPPVVp5L5Gt7Wo on subnet 277 in 10.79s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5EscZNs55FCTfbpgFFDTbiSE7GgwSwqmdivfPikdqTyDiegb on subnet 3 in 10.79s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 3 in 10.83s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5FCPTnjevGqAuTttetBy4a24Ej3pH9fiQ8fmvP1ZkrVsLUoT on subnet 119 in 10.83s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5GNyf1SotvL34mEx86C2cvEGJ563hYiPZWazXUueJ5uu16EK on subnet 277 in 10.84s
✅ Successfully unstaked 0.100000000इ from 5CFZ9xDaFQVLA9ERsTs9S3i6jp1VDydvjQH5RDsyWCCJkTM4 on subnet 119 in 10.89s
🎯 Unstake complete. Success: 10/10
Move stake
...
import asyncio
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
import bittensor as bt
from bittensor.core.subtensor import Subtensor
from bittensor.core.async_subtensor import AsyncSubtensor
async def main():
async with AsyncSubtensor("test") as subtensor:
wallet = bt.wallet(
name="PracticeKey!",
hotkey="stakinkey1",
)
wallet.unlock_coldkey()
success = await subtensor.move_stake(wallet = wallet,
origin_hotkey = "5DyHnV9Wz6cnefGfczeBkQCzHZ5fJcVgy7x1eKVh8otMEd31",
origin_netuid = 5,
destination_hotkey = "5HidY9Danh9NhNPHL2pfrf97Zboew3v7yz4abuibZszcKEMv",
destination_netuid = 18,
amount = bt.Balance.from_tao(1.0),
wait_for_inclusion = True,
wait_for_finalization = False,
)
if success:
print("Stake was successfully moved!")
else:
print("Failed to move stake.")
# Because move_stake is asynchronous, we run it in an event loop:
asyncio.run(main())